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Bone metastasis (BM) is the advanced complication of breast cancer, while bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the microenvironment unclearly contribute to cancer metastasis. This study investigated potential roles of transforming growth factor- (TGF-)  α  in the interaction between breast cancer and BMSCs in BM. Clinical cases of breast cancer with bone metastasis (BMBC), breast cancer without bone metastasis (Non-BM-BC), and benign fibroadenoma (Benign) were enlisted in a retrospective study. TGF- α  was found obviously overexpressed in BM lesion of BMBC compared to primary lesion of both BMBC and Non-BM-BC ( P  < 0.01), and TGF- α  was higher in primary lesion of both BMBC and Non-BM-BC ( P  < 0.01) than Benign group. Interestingly, TGF- α  in nontumor tissues of both BMBC and Non-BM-BC was at a higher level than Benign group ( P  < 0.01), and numbers of macrophages in nontumor tissues of both BMBC and Non-BM-BC ( P  < 0.01) were higher than Benign group. Furthermore, in cultured human BMSCs, TGF- α  stimulated production of procancer cytokines including IL-6, VEGF, FGF10, FGF17, and TGF- β 1 in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, TGF- α  in BC could potentially be an important signal of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Macrophages in the nontumor tissue of BC may not be protective but could promote cancer metastasis.

biomed research international

TGF-<i>α</i> Overexpression in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis and Primary Lesions and TGF-<i>α</i> Enhancement of Expression of Procancer Metastasis Cytokines in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

TGF-α Overexpression in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis and Primary Lesions and TGF-α Enhancement of Expression of Procancer Metastasis Cytokines in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells