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Calophyllum brasiliense  is a plant from the Brazilian rain forests and has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including leishmaniasis. This infectious disease depends on the  Leishmania  sp. and the host immune response.  C. brasiliense  antileishmanial activity is well known, but the effects on immune response remain to be investigated. This study showed the leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory effects of a 30  μ g/mL of hydroalcoholic extract of  C. brasiliense  in murine macrophages before and after  Leishmania  ( Leishmania )  amazonensis  infection. The semiquantitative cytokine RNA expression was determined by RT-PCR and the anti- Leishmania  activity was measured by infection index (IF). Hydroalcoholic extract of  C. brasiliense  reduced more than 95% of IF when used before and after  Leishmania  infection, with 3 and 24 h of treatment ( p  < 0.05).  C. brasiliense  inhibited or reduced significantly ( p  < 0.05) the TNF- α , IL-1 β , IL-18, and IL-10 mRNA expression. The antileishmanial and anti-inflammatory effects showed the potential of  C. brasiliense  as an alternative therapy for leishmaniasis and it must be investigated.

Calophyllum brasilienseModulates the Immune Response and PromotesLeishmania amazonensisIntracellular Death