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Piper  is the largest genus of the Piperaceae family. The species of this genus have diverse biological activities and are used in pharmacopeia throughout the world. They are also used in folk medicine for treatment of many diseases in several countries including Brazil, China, India, Jamaica, and Mexico. In Brazil,  Piper  species are distributed throughout the national territory, making this genus a good candidate for biological activity screening. During our studies with  Piper  essential oils, we evaluated its activity against  Rhizopus oryzae , the main agent of mucormycosis. The main compounds of seven  Piper  essential oils analyzed were  Piper callosum —safrole (53.8%),  P. aduncum —dillapiole (76.0%),  P. hispidinervum —safrole (91.4%),  P. marginatum —propiopiperone (13.2%),  P. hispidum —γ-terpinene (30.9%),  P. tuberculatum —( E )-caryophyllene (30.1%), and  Piper  sp.—linalool (14.6%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of  Piper  essential oils against  R. oryzae  ranged from 78.12 to >1250  μ g/mL. The best result of total inhibition of biofilm formation was obtained with  Piper  sp. starting from 4.88  μ g/mL. Considering the bioactive potential of EOs against planktonic cells and biofilm formation of  R. oryzae  could be of great interest for development of antimicrobials for therapeutic use in treatment of fungal infection.

Piper Essential Oils Inhibit Rhizopus oryzae Growth, Biofilm Formation, and Rhizopuspepsin Activity