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Obesity-risk genes have been associated with dietary intake, appetite regulation, and gestational weight gain (GWG). The purpose of this study was to examine whether dietary intake including total energy intake and macronutrients modify or mediate the association between obesity-risk genes and GWG. An observational study was conducted with 85 African American pregnant women. Sociodemographic, medical, and lifestyle factors and dietary recalls were collected during pregnancy. Seven obesity-risk genetic variants were genotyped. Regression analyses with bootstrapping methods were used to examine the moderation and mediation effects of dietary intake. The mean GWG was 14.2 kg, and 55.3% of the women gained above the Institute of Medicine GWG guidelines. A nominally significant association was found between rs17782313 (close to  MC4R ) and percentage of energy intake from fat ( P =0.043). A variant downstream of  KCTD15  (rs11084753) was nominally significantly related to GWG ( P =0.023). There was a significant interaction between the  KCTD15  polymorphism and dietary fat intake ( P =0.048). Women with the  AG  genotype gained more weight during pregnancy with more dietary fat consumption. In conclusion, our results indicate that dietary macronutrients, especially fat intake, may modify the effect of the  KCTD15  gene on GWG. Improved knowledge of gene-diet interactions can facilitate the development of personalized interventions.

The Association between Obesity-Risk Genes and Gestational Weight Gain Is Modified by Dietary Intake in African American Women