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Mycoplasma hominis  is considered an opportunistic pathogen able to colonize the lower urogenital tract; in females the infection is associated with severe pregnancy and postpartum complications, including abortion, endometritis, preterm delivery, and low birth weight. Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence effectors remain poorly characterized. A number of studies in the last decade have demonstrated that  M. hominis  can establish an endosymbiotic relationship with  Trichomonas vaginalis , a urogenital parasitic protozoon, also associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recently, two bacterial genes ( alr  and  goiB ) associated with amniotic cavity invasion and a single gene ( goiC ) associated with intra-amniotic infections and high risk of preterm delivery have been identified in  M. hominis  isolated from a group of pregnant patients. In this work we demonstrate that a high number of  M. hominis  intracellularly associated with  T. vaginalis  have  goiC  gene, in association with  alr  and  goiB . In addition, we demonstrate that metronidazole treatment of  M. hominis -infected  T. vaginalis  allows delivering viable intracellular  goiC  positive  M. hominis  from antibiotic-killed protozoa and that free  M. hominis  can infect human cell cultures. Results suggest that molecular diagnostic strategies to identify both pathogens and their virulence genes should be adopted to prevent severe complications during pregnancy.

journal of pregnancy

<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> Transports Virulent<i> Mycoplasma hominis</i> and Transmits the Infection to Human Cells after Metronidazole Treatment: A Potential Role in Bacterial Invasion of Fetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid

Trichomonas vaginalis Transports Virulent Mycoplasma hominis and Transmits the Infection to Human Cells after Metronidazole Treatment: A Potential Role in Bacterial Invasion of Fetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid