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The rhizome of  Atractylodes japonica , which is a herbal medicine used for gastrointestinal therapeutics, has been categorized with  A. macrocephala  rhizome or  A. chinensis  rhizome based on different therapeutic criteria in Korea, China, and Japan. In the present study, 61  A. japonica ,  A. macrocephala , and  A. chinensis  rhizomes were collected from Korea and China and were genetically identified by internal transcribed spacer sequencing analysis. Chromatographic profiles were obtained from high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the methanol and hot-water extracts of  Atractylodes  rhizomes and chemical differentiation of the rhizomes was carried out using chemometric statistical analyses such as principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. The results from chromatographic profiles and chemometric analyses demonstrate that  A. japonica  rhizomes showed apparent chemical differences from  A. macrocephala  and  A. chinensis  rhizomes in the methanol extracts. In contrast, no clear distinction was apparent for the hot-water extracts of  Atractylodes  rhizomes, especially  A. chinensis  rhizomes. These results indicate that there is a clear chemical difference between  A. japonica  and  A. macrocephala  rhizomes; however, the chemical diversity of  A. chinensis  rhizome shows different chemical relationships with  A. japonica  or  A. macrocephala  rhizome, dependent on the chemical features.

evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine

Chemical Differentiation of Genetically Identified Atractylodes japonica, A. macrocephala, and A. chinensis Rhizomes Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Chemometric Analysis