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Lactobacillus fermentum  colonizing gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of humans and animals is widely used in manufacturing of fermented products and as probiotics. These bacteria may function as vehicles of antibiotic resistance genes, which can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, monitoring and control of transmissible antibiotic resistance determinants in these microorganisms is necessary to approve their safety status. The aim of this study was to characterize erythromycin and tetracycline resistance of  L. fermentum  isolates and to estimate the potential transfer of resistance genes from lactobacilli to the other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among six  L. fermentum  strains isolated from human feces and commercial dairy products, five strains demonstrated phenotypic resistance to tetracycline. PCR screening for antibiotic resistance determinants revealed plasmid-located tetracycline resistance genes  tet (K) and  tet (M) in all strains and erythromycin resistance genes  erm (B) in the chromosome of  L. fermentum  5-1 and  erm (C) in the plasmid of  L. fermentum  3-4. All tested lactobacilli lacked conjugative transposon Tn 916  and were not able to transfer tetracycline resistance genes to  Staphylococcus aureus ,  Staphylococcus epidermidis ,  Listeria monocytogenes ,  Acinetobacter baumannii ,  Citrobacter freundii , and  Escherichia coli  by filter mating.  Staphylococcus haemolyticus  did not accept erythromycin resistance genes from corresponding  Lactobacillus  strains. Thus, in the present study,  L. fermentum  was not implicated in the spread of erythromycin and tetracycline resistance, but still these strains pose the threat to the environment and human health because they harbored erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes in their plasmids and therefore should not be used in foods and probiotics.

Characterization of Erythromycin and Tetracycline Resistance in Lactobacillus fermentum Strains