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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor  α  (PPAR α ) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and functions as a transcription factor. Previous work showed that PPAR α  plays multiple roles in lipid metabolism in tissues such as cardiac and skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Recent studies have discovered additional roles for PPAR α  in cell proliferation and metabolism, as well as tumor progression. PPAR α  is aberrantly expressed in various cancers, and activated PPAR α  inhibits the proliferation of some tumor cells. However, there have been no studies of PPAR α  in human gliomas. Here, we show that PPAR α  is expressed at lower levels in anaplastic gliomas and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tissue compared with low-grade gliomas tissue, and low expression is associated with poor patient prognosis. PPAR α  activates transcription of dynamin-3 opposite strand (DNMO3os), which encodes a cluster of miR-214, miR-199a-3p, and miR-199a-5p microRNAs. Of these, miR-214 is transcribed at particularly high levels. PPAR α -induced miR-214 expression causes downregulation of its target E2F2. Finally, miR-214 overexpression inhibits glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell cycle arrest in G0/G1. Collectively, these data uncover a novel role for a PPAR α -miR-214-E2F2 pathway in controlling glioma cell proliferation.

PPARα Regulates the Proliferation of Human Glioma Cells through miR-214 and E2F2