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Rotifers have been widely used as well-characterized models of aging, since their multiorgan character makes them suitable as  in vivo  toxicological and lifespan models. Here we report the assessment of four adaptogenic plants and their extracts for the first time in this model. The effects on rotifer viability of extracts and characteristic active markers of  Panax ginseng ,  Withania somnifera ,  Leuzea carthamoides,  and  Rhodiola rosea  were tested  in vivo . The crude extracts were nontoxic to  Philodina acuticornis  bdelloid rotifers; however, the pure substances of the plants influenced negatively the viability. Ginsenoside Rb1 and secondary metabolites of  Withania somnifera  exerted deleterious effect on the animals. The aglycone tyrosol and cinnamyl alcohol (from  Rhodiola rosea ) were more toxic than their glycosides salidroside and rosavin. Although the 20-OH-ecdysone and ajugasterone C (from  Leuzea carthamoides ) are chemically very similar, the latter was less toxic.

Biological Activities of Four Adaptogenic Plant Extracts and Their Active Substances on a Rotifer Model