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Purpose   To evaluate the effect of smoking on the outcome of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).Methods   This retrospective case-control study included 64 eyes in 59 patients with treatment-naïve nAMD. Smoking habits were obtained from hospital records and patient recall. The patients were divided into ever-smokers and never-smokers. The patients were treated with ranibizumab or aflibercept for at least 1 year. Outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT) at the fovea, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT), and number of injections received.Results   There were no statistically significant differences in BCVA, CRT, or SCT changes between ever-smokers and never-smokers. The number of injections received was significantly higher in ever-smokers with a history of heavy smokers (never-smokers vs. heavy smokers: 5.3 ± 2.6/year vs. 7.3 ± 2.5/year;  P =0.048 and mild smokers vs. heavy smokers: 5.2 ± 2.5/year vs. 7.3 ± 2.5/year;  P =0.043). There was no significant difference in the baseline CRT or presence of atrophic retinal pigment epithelium in the fellow eyes of patients with nAMD according to smoking status; however, the baseline CRT in eyes with nAMD was significantly thinner in ever-smokers than in never-smokers ( P =0.02).Conclusion   The anti-VEGF therapy was frequently required in nAMD patients with a history of heavy smoking. Heavy smoking could cause poor therapeutic response in nAMD patients.

journal of ophthalmology

Effects of Smoking on Outcomes of Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Smoking and Anti-VEGF Therapy in nAMD