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Objective   Traumatic injury or severe surgery leads to a profound immune response with a diminished functionality of monocytes and subsequently their IL-1 β  release. IL-1 β  plays an important role in host immunity and protection against infections. Its biological activation via IL-1 β -precursor processing requires the transcription of inflammasome components and their activation. Deregulated activity of NOD-like receptor inflammasomes (NLR) like NLRP3 that leads to the maturation of IL-1 β  has been described in various diseases. While the role of other inflammasomes has been studied in monocytes, nothing is known about NLRP3 inflammasome after a traumatic injury. Here, the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in impaired monocyte functionality after a traumatic injury was analyzed.Measurements and Main Results   Ex vivo- in vitro  stimulation of isolated CD14 +  monocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed a significantly higher IL-1 β  secretion in healthy volunteers (HV) compared to trauma patients (TP) after admission. Reduced IL-1 β  secretion was paralleled by significantly lowered gene expression of NLRP3 in monocytes from TP compared to those of HV. Transfection of monocytes with NLRP3-encoding plasmid recovered the functionality of monocytes from TP regarding the IL-1 β  secretion.Conclusions   This study demonstrates that CD14 +  monocytes from TP are significantly diminished in their function and that the presence of NLRP3 components is necessary in recovering the ability of monocytes to produce active IL-1 β . This recovery of the NLRP3 inflammasome in monocytes may imply a new target for treatment and therapy of immune suppression after severe injury.

Reduced NLRP3 Gene Expression Limits the IL-1β Cleavage via Inflammasome in Monocytes from Severely Injured Trauma Patients