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We investigated whether the lack of galactosyltransferase ( α -Gal) expression in bone tissue is associated with reduced immune response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) against pig bone tissue. When human PBMC obtained from heparinized blood of healthy volunteers was stimulated with bone extracts of pigs with  α -1,3-galactosyltransferase knock out ( α -Gal KO), the proliferation of human PBMCs and production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF- α  and IL-1 β  were significantly reduced compared to those stimulated with bone extracts of wild type (WT) pigs. In addition, activation of CD4 +  helper T cells and production of IL-2, IFN- γ , and IL-17 were reduced upon stimulation with bone tissue extracts from  α -Gal KO pigs. This is possibly due to the lowered activities of the NF- κ B, p38, ERK, and JNK signaling pathways. Our findings can be used to evaluate the compatibility of bone tissues from  α -Gal KO pigs with human bone grafting as novel natural biomaterials, thereby increasing the feasibility of future clinical applications.

Immunological Compatibility of Bone Tissues from Alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase Knockout Pig for Xenotransplantation