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Glutathione (GSH) conjugation was an important pathway to regulate the toxicity of microcystins (MCs) targeted to protein phosphatases. To explore the specific molecular mechanism for GSH detoxification, two typical MC-GSHs (derived from MCLR and MCRR) were synthesized, prepared, and purified according to previous research. Then, the reduced inhibition effect for MC-GSHs on protein phosphatase 1 was verified by comparing with their original toxins. To further clarify the molecular mechanism for MC-GSHs detoxification, we evaluated the interactions between MCs/MC-GSHs and PP1 with the assistance of MOE molecule simulation. When GSH was introduced to MCs, the covalent binding (Mdha 7  to Cys 273 ), the hydrophobic interaction (Adda 5  with PP1), the hydrogen bonds (especially for Lys 2 -Arg 96  and Glu 6 -Tyr 272 ), the covalent combination (between Mdha 7  and Cys 273 ), and the ion bonds (between Mn 2+  and Asn 124 /His 248 /Asp 64 /His 66 ) of MCLR/MCRR-PP1 complexes weakened to a certain extent, while the ion bonds between Mn 2+  and His 173 /Asp 92  residues increased. It was not difficult to find that the toxicity of MCs was closely related to the above sites/interactions and the above key information for MCs-PP1; MC-GSHs-PP1 complexes were important for clarifying the detoxification mechanism of MC-GSHs pathway. This study offers a comprehensive cognition on MCs toxicity regulation and provides valid theoretical support to control their potential risk.

Molecular Mechanism for the Regulation of Microcystin Toxicity to Protein Phosphatase 1 by Glutathione Conjugation Pathway