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Lactobacilli  have been shown to promote health functions. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism by which four different strains of probiotics affected innate immunity, such as regulation of ROS, cytokines, phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, signaling by NF- κ B pp65, and TLR2 activation. The production of ROS was dependent on the concentration and species of  Lactobacillus . The results obtained from the tested strains ( Lactobacillus rhamnosus  GG,  L. rhamnosus  KLSD,  L. helveticus  IMAU70129, and  L. casei  IMAU60214) showed that strains induced early proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8,TNF- α , IL-12p70, and IL-6. However, IL-1 β  expression was induced only by  L. helveticus  and  L. casei  strains (after 24 h stimulation). Phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of macrophages against various pathogens, such as  S. aureus ,  S. typhimurium , and  E. coli , were increased by pretreatment with  Lactobacillus . The nuclear translocation NF- κ B pp65 and TLR2-dependent signaling were also increased by treatment with the probiotics. Taken together, the experiments demonstrate that probiotic strains of  Lactobacillus  exert early immunostimulatory effects that may be directly linked to the initial inflammation of the response of human macrophages.

Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains Stimulate the Inflammatory Response and Activate Human Macrophages