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Mylabris phalerata  (MP) is an insect used in oriental herbal treatments for tumor, tinea infections, and stroke. Recent studies have shown that tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) have detrimental roles such as tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Although TAM has phenotypes and characteristics in common with M2-polarized macrophages, M1 macrophages have tumor suppression and immune stimulation effects. Medicines polarizing macrophages to M1 have been suggested to have anticancer effects via the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. In this line, we screened oriental medicines to find M1 polarizing medicines in M2-polarized macrophages. Among approximately 400 types of oriental medicine, the ethanol extract of  M. phalerata  (EMP) was the most proficient in increasing TNF- α  secretion in M2-polarized macrophages and TAM. Although EMP enhanced the levels of an M1 cytokine (TNF- α ) and a marker (CD86), it significantly reduced the levels of an M2 marker (arginase-1) in M2-polarized macrophages. In addition, EMP-treated macrophages increased the levels of M1 markers ( Inos  and  Tnf-α ) and reduced those of the enhanced M2 markers ( Fizz-1, Ym-1,  and  arginase-1 ). EMP-treated macrophages significantly reduced Lewis lung carcinoma cell migration in a transwell migration assay and inhibited EL4-luc2 lymphoma proliferation. In our mechanism study, EMP was found to inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation in M2-polarized macrophages. These results suggest that EMP is effective in treating TAM-mediated tumor progression and metastasis.

Ethanol Extract of Mylabris phalerata Inhibits M2 Polarization Induced by Recombinant IL-4 and IL-13 in Murine Macrophages