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Objective . To assess the face, content, and construct validity of the Voxel-Man TempoSurg Virtual Reality simulator.  Participants and Methods . 74 ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeons participated. They were assigned to one of two groups according to their level of expertise: the expert group ( n  = 16) and the novice group ( n  = 58). The participants performed four temporal bone dissection tasks on the simulator. Performances were assessed by a global score and then compared to assess the construct validity of the simulator. Finally, the expert group assessed the face and content validity by means of a five-point Likert-type scale.  Results . experienced surgeons performed better ( p  < .01) and faster ( p  < .001) than the novices. However, the groups did not differ in terms of bone volume removed ( p  = .11) or number of injuries ( p  = .37). 93.7% of experienced surgeons stated they would recommend this simulator for anatomical learning. Most (87.5%) also thought that it could be integrated into surgical training.  Conclusion . The Voxel-Man TempoSurg Virtual Reality simulator constitutes an interesting complementary tool to traditional teaching methods for training in otologic surgery.

Construct, Face, and Content Validation on Voxel-Man® Simulator for Otologic Surgical Training