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Recruitment of neutrophil granulocytes to sites of infectious tissue damage is an early event in innate immune responses. Following chemotactic signals neutrophils establish a first line of defense in a swarm-like manner. Intracellular pathogens such as  Leishmania major  can, however, evade neutrophil-mediated killing and survive inside neutrophils. To achieve this the parasites evolved potent evasion mechanisms. Since neutrophils are a major source of inflammation regulating lipid mediators, we hypothesized that intracellular infection modifies the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators like leukotriene B4 (LTB 4 ) and lipoxin A4 (LXA 4 ), respectively. In the present study, we demonstrated  in vitro  that  L. major -infected primary human neutrophils release an increased amount of LTB 4 , whereas LXA 4  liberation is reduced during the first hours of infection. To investigate whether lipid mediator modulation is a common feature in intracellular infections, we tested the impact of an infection with  Anaplasma phagocytophilum . Similarly to  L. major , neutrophil infection with  A. phagocytophilum  led to an enhanced release of LTB 4  and decreased LXA 4  production. Together, our findings indicate that intracellular infections modulate the lipid mediator profile of neutrophils. This effect is likely to contribute to the survival of the pathogens in neutrophils and to the outcome of the infections.

biomed research international

Early Production of the Neutrophil-Derived Lipid Mediators LTB4and LXA4Is Modulated by Intracellular Infection withLeishmania major