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Background   Phlebotominae sand flies are the main vectors of leishmaniasis and some other diseases.Materials and Methods   Using sticky traps, sand flies were collected fortnightly from outdoors and indoors areas of selected sites.Results   A total of 2032 specimens (498 in the city and 1534 in the outskirts of Yazd) belonging to 11 species were collected. The activity of sand flies started in early-April and ended in mid-November. There were two peaks of activity in the end of April and mid-September.  Phlebotomus sergenti  and  P. papatasi  were the most abundant species in the city and outskirts of Yazd city, respectively. Other species were  P. salehi ,  P. ansarii ,  P. kazerouni ,  P. caucasicus ,  P. andrejevi ,  P. alexandri ,  P. mongolensis ,  Sergentomyia sintoni,  and  S. palestinensis .Conclusion   In comparison to some other parts of Iran, the extended period between two peaks suggests that the larvae to adult development of sand fly were delayed by the higher temperature of the summer months in Yazd province.

Distribution and Seasonal Activity of Phlebotominae Sand Flies in Yazd and Its Outskirts, Center of Iran