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Veronicastrum axillare  is a traditional medical plant in China which is widely used in folk medicine due to its versatile biological activities, especially for its anti-inflammatory effects. However, the detailed mechanism underlying this action is not clear. Here, we studied the protective effects of  V. axillare  against acute lung injury (ALI), and we further explored the pharmacological mechanisms of this action. We found that pretreatment with  V. axillare  suppressed the release of proinflammatory cytokines in the serum of ALI mice. Histological analysis of lung tissue demonstrated that  V. axillare  inhibited LPS-induced lung injury, improved lung morphology, and reduced the activation of nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B) in the lungs. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory actions of  V. axillare  were investigated  in vitro . We observed that  V. axillare  suppressed the mRNA expression of interleukin-1 β  (IL-1 β ), IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor- α  (TNF- α ) in RAW264.7 cells challenged with LPS. Furthermore, pretreatment of  V. axillare in vitro  reduced the phosphorylation of p65 and I κ B- α  which is activated by LPS. In conclusion, our data firstly demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effects of  V. axillare  against ALI were achieved through downregulation of the NF- κ B signaling pathway, thereby reducing the production of inflammatory mediators.

mediators of inflammation

<i>Veronicastrum axillare</i> Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Suppression of Proinflammatory Mediators and Downregulation of the NF-<i>κ</i>B Signaling Pathway

Veronicastrum axillare Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Suppression of Proinflammatory Mediators and Downregulation of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway