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High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is involved in innate immunity toward various infectious diseases. Concerning bacteria, HDL is known to bind to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to neutralize its physiological activity. On the other hand, cholesterol is known to play an important role in mycobacterial entry into host cells and in survival in the intracellular environment. However, the pathogenicity of  Mycobacterium avium  ( M. avium ) infection, which tends to increase worldwide, remains poorly studied. Here we report that HDL indicated a stronger interaction with  M. avium  than that with other Gram-negative bacteria containing abundant LPS. A binding of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, the main protein component of HDL, with a specific lipid of  M. avium  might participate in this interaction. HDL did not have a direct bactericidal activity toward  M. avium  but attenuated the engulfment of  M. avium  by THP-1 macrophages. HDL also did not affect bacterial killing after ingestion of live  M. avium  by THP-1 macrophage. Furthermore, HDL strongly promoted the formation of lipid droplets in  M. avium -infected THP-1 macrophages. These observations provide new insights into the relationship between  M. avium  infection and host lipoproteins, especially HDL. Thus, HDL may help  M. avium  to escape from host innate immunity.

High-Density Lipoprotein Binds toMycobacterium aviumand Affects the Infection of THP-1 Macrophages