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Recently, we reported elevated proportions of circulating follicular T helper cells and higher levels of interleukin- (IL-) 21 in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Interaction of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with B cells and granzyme B (GrB) production may be also important in pSS. Thirty-two pSS patients and 24 healthy controls were enrolled in our study. We investigated the expression of intracellular GrB and IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) of CD19 + CD5 +  and CD19 + CD5 −  B cells; furthermore, we determined the IL-21 expression of iNKT cells as well. We also assessed the proportion of transitional (CD19 + CD24 high CD38 high ), mature (CD19 + CD24 int CD38 int ) and primarily memory (CD19 + CD24 high CD38 − ) B cells. CD5 +  but not CD5 −  B cells showed elevated GrB and IL-21R expression in pSS; additionally IL-21 expression of iNKT cells was also elevated. The ratios of transitional and mature B cells were elevated in pSS, while primarily memory B cell percentages were decreased, which correlated with GrB and IL-21R expression of CD19 +  B cells. Our results suggest that enhanced IL-21R expression of CD19 + CD5 +  B cells and production of IL-21 by iNKT cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of pSS by regulating CD19 + CD5 +  B cell functions and increasing GrB production, presumably leading to a counter-regulatory effect in the disease.

mediators of inflammation

Increased IL-21 Expression Induces Granzyme B in Peripheral CD5<sup>+</sup>B Cells as a Potential Counter-Regulatory Effect in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome

Increased IL-21 Expression Induces Granzyme B in Peripheral CD5+B Cells as a Potential Counter-Regulatory Effect in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome

Increased IL-21 Expression Induces Granzyme B in Peripheral CD5⁺B Cells as a Potential Counter-Regulatory Effect in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome