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Sublethal concentrations (sub-MICs) of certain disinfectants are no longer effective in removing biofilms from abiotic surfaces and can even promote the formation of biofilms. Bacterial cells can probably adapt to these low concentrations of disinfectants and defend themselves by way of biofilm formation. In this paper, we report on three  Staphylococcus aureus  biofilm formers (strong B+++, moderate B++, and weak B+) that were cultivated with sub-MICs of commonly used disinfectants, ethanol or chloramine T, and quantified using Syto9 green fluorogenic nucleic acid stain. We demonstrate that 1.25–2.5% ethanol and 2500  μ g/mL chloramine T significantly enhanced  S. aureus  biofilm formation. To visualize differences in biofilm compactness between  S. aureus  biofilms in control medium, 1.25% ethanol, or 2500  μ g/mL chloramine T, scanning electron microscopy was used. To describe changes in abundance of surface-exposed proteins in ethanol- or chloramine T-treated biofilms, surface proteins were prepared using a novel trypsin shaving approach and quantified after dimethyl labeling by LC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS. Our data show that some proteins with adhesive functions and others with cell maintenance functions and virulence factor EsxA were significantly upregulated by both treatments. In contrast, immunoglobulin-binding protein A was significantly downregulated for both disinfectants. Significant differences were observed in the effect of the two disinfectants on the expression of surface proteins including some adhesins, foldase protein PrsA, and two virulence factors.

biomed research international

Changes in the Expression of Biofilm-Associated Surface Proteins in<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Food-Environmental Isolates Subjected to Sublethal Concentrations of Disinfectants

Changes in the Expression of Biofilm-Associated Surface Proteins inStaphylococcus aureusFood-Environmental Isolates Subjected to Sublethal Concentrations of Disinfectants