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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are used in cardiac tissue engineering for the regeneration of diseased hearts. We examined the differentiation of rat BMMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells when induced with a combined low dose treatment of transforming growth factor- β 1 (TGF- β 1) and 5-azacytidine (5-AZA). Results showed that cell proliferation in the combined low dose treatment group of TGF- β 1 and 5-AZA was increased compared with the TGF- β 1 group or the 5-AZA group. The cell apoptosis was relieved by combined TGF- β 1 and 5-AZA treatment compared to 5-AZA treatment alone. The number of cells positive for myosin heavy chain, connexin-43,  α -actin, and troponin I in the combined treatment group was higher than those observed in the TGF- β 1 group or the 5-AZA group. Moreover, the combined low dose treatment group of TGF- β 1 and 5-AZA reveals the strongest expression of troponin I,  α -actin, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (p-ErK1/2) among the treatment groups. These results suggest that the combined low dose treatment of TGF- β 1 and 5-AZA can improve the differentiation potential of rat BMMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells and alleviate cell damage effects  in vitro . The mechanism that is involved in influencing differentiation may be associated with p-ErK1/2.

stem cells international

Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Cardiomyocyte-Like Cells Is Regulated by the Combined Low Dose Treatment of Transforming Growth Factor-<i>β</i>1 and 5-Azacytidine

Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Cardiomyocyte-Like Cells Is Regulated by the Combined Low Dose Treatment of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and 5-Azacytidine