English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Rationale.  Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression is upregulated in alveolar macrophages (AM) of HIV1 +  smokers who develop emphysema. Knowing that lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of HIV1 +  smokers contains increased levels of inflammatory cytokines compared to HIV1 −  smokers, we hypothesized that upregulation of lung cytokines in HIV1 +  smokers may be functionally related to increased MMP-9 expression.  Methods.  Cytokine arrays evaluated cytokine protein levels in ELF obtained from 5 groups of individuals: HIV1 −  healthy nonsmokers, HIV1 −  healthy smokers, HIV1 −  smokers with low diffusing capacity (DL CO ), HIV1 +  nonsmokers, and HIV1 +  smokers with low DL CO .  Results . Increased levels of the Th17 related cytokine IL-23 were found in HIV1 −  smokers with low DL CO  and HIV1 +  smokers and nonsmokers. Relative IL-23 gene expression was increased in AM of HIV1 +  individuals, with greater expression in AM of HIV1 +  smokers with low DL CO . Infection with HIV1  in vitro  induced IL-23 expression in normal AM. IL-23 stimulation of AM/lymphocyte cocultures  in vitro  induced upregulation of MMP-9. Lung T lymphocytes express receptor IL-23R and interact with AM in order to upregulate MMP-9.  Conclusion . This mechanism may contribute to the increased tissue destruction in the lungs of HIV1 +  smokers and suggests that Th17 related inflammation may play a role.

The Role of Interleukin-23 in the Early Development of Emphysema in HIV1+Smokers

The Role of Interleukin-23 in the Early Development of Emphysema in HIV1⁺Smokers