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Most  Enterococcus faecalis  and  E. faecium  are harmless to humans; however, strains harboring virulence genes, including  esp, gelE, cylA, asa1 , and  hyl , have been associated with human infections.  E. faecalis  and  E. faecium  are present in beach waters worldwide, yet little is known about their virulence potential. Here, multiplex PCR was used to compare the distribution of virulence genes among  E. faecalis  and  E. faecium  isolated from beaches in Southern California and Puerto Rico to isolates from potential sources including humans, animals, birds, and plants. All five virulence genes were found in  E. faecalis  and  E. faecium  from beach water, mostly among  E. faecalis .  gelE  was the most common among isolates from all source types. There was a lower incidence of  asa1 ,  esp ,  cylA , and  hyl  genes among isolates from beach water, sewage, septage, urban runoff, sea wrack, and eelgrass as compared to human isolates, indicating that virulent strains of  E. faecalis  and  E. faecium  may not be widely disseminated at beaches. A higher frequency of  asa1  and  esp  among  E. faecalis  from dogs and of  asa1  among birds (mostly seagull) suggests that further studies on the distribution and virulence potential of strains carrying these genes may be warranted.

journal of pathogens

Virulence Genes among<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>and<i>Enterococcus faecium</i>Isolated from Coastal Beaches and Human and Nonhuman Sources in Southern California and Puerto Rico

Virulence Genes amongEnterococcus faecalisandEnterococcus faeciumIsolated from Coastal Beaches and Human and Nonhuman Sources in Southern California and Puerto Rico