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Mycobacterium celatum  is a nontuberculous mycobacterium shown to cause symptoms similar to pulmonary  M. tuberculosis . Certain strains have been shown to cross-react with the probes used to detect  M. tuberculosis , making this a diagnostic challenge. We present a 56-year-old gentleman who developed signs and symptoms of lung infection with computed tomography scan of the chest showing right lung apex cavitation. Serial sputum samples were positive for acid-fast bacilli and nucleic acid amplification testing identified  M. tuberculosis  ribosomal RNA, resulting in treatment initiation. Further testing with high performance liquid chromatography showed a pattern consistent with  M. celatum . This case illustrates the potential for  M. celatum  to mimic  M. tuberculosis  in both its clinical history and laboratory testing due to the identical oligonucleotide sequence contained in both. An increasing number of case reports suggest that early reliable differentiation could reduce unnecessary treatment and public health intervention associated with misdiagnosed tuberculosis.

A Case of False-PositiveMycobacterium tuberculosisCaused byMycobacterium celatum