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High titer of anti- β   2 -glycoprotein I antibodies (anti- β   2 GPI Ab) plays a pathogenic role in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Numerous studies have focused on the pathological mechanism in APS; however, little attention is paid to the immune mechanism of production of anti- β   2 GPI antibodies in APS. Our previous study demonstrated that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a vital role in the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from the mice immunized with human  β   2 -glycoprotein I ( β   2 GPI). TLR4 is required for the activation of B cells and the production of autoantibody in mice treated with  β   2 GPI. However, TLR4 provides a third signal for B cell activation and then promotes B cells better receiving signals from both B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and CD40, thus promoting B cell activation, surface molecules expression, anti- β   2 GPI Ab production, and cytokines secretion and making B cell functioning like an antigen presenting cell (APC). At the same time, TLR4 also promotes B cells producing antibodies by upregulating the expression of B-cell activating factor (BAFF). In this paper, we aim to review the functions of TLR4 in B cell immune response and antibody production in autoimmune disease APS and try to find a new way for the prevention and treatment of APS.

journal of immunology research

The Role of TLR4 on B Cell Activation and Anti-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">β</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="bold-italic">2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>GPI Antibody Production in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome

The Role of TLR4 on B Cell Activation and Anti-β2GPI Antibody Production in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome