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Purpose . To explore the association between differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns and HIV disease progression, and to investigate the impact of common  γ -chain cytokines on Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns on T cells.  Methods . Tim-3/PD-1 expression on the T cells of patients with early and chronic HIV infections was detected. The expression levels and functional profiles of T cells with differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns induced by  γ -chain cytokines were studied.  Results . The elevation of differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns on T cells appeared early in HIV infection. Co-expression of Tim-3 and PD-1 (Tim-3+PD-1+) correlates with more severe exhaustion of T cells during HIV infection. In vitro stimulation of common  γ -chain cytokines can induce differential expression patterns of Tim-3 and PD-1 on T cells. The enhancement of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression by common  γ -chain IL-2 can inhibit the function of T cells re-stimulated by HIV gag and TCR, not by the re-stimulation of IL-2.  Conclusions . The elevation of differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns on T cells represents a state of T cell exhaustion and can be induced by common  γ -chain cytokines. These findings provide insights into HIV pathogenesis and help inform immune intervention strategies.

biomed research international

Elevation of Tim-3 and PD-1 Expression on T Cells Appears Early in HIV Infection, and Differential Tim-3 and PD-1 Expression Patterns Can Be Induced by Common<b><i>γ</i></b>-Chain Cytokines

Elevation of Tim-3 and PD-1 Expression on T Cells Appears Early in HIV Infection, and Differential Tim-3 and PD-1 Expression Patterns Can Be Induced by Commonγ-Chain Cytokines