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Very few studies have been conducted on alkaline adaptation of Gram-negative alkaliphiles. The reversed difference of H +  concentration across the membrane will make energy production considerably difficult for Gram-negative as well as Gram-positive bacteria. Cells of the alkaliphilic Gram-negative bacterium  Pseudomonas alcaliphila  AL15-21 T  grown at pH 10 under low-aeration intensity have a soluble cytochrome  c  content that is 3.6-fold higher than that of the cells grown at pH 7 under high-aeration intensity. Cytochrome  c -552 content was higher (64% in all soluble cytochromes  c ) than those of cytochrome  c -554 and cytochrome  c -551. In the cytochrome  c -552-dificient mutant grown at pH 10 under low-aeration intensity showed a marked decrease in  μ   max⁡  [h −1 ] (40%) and maximum cell turbidity (25%) relative to those of the wild type. Considering the high electron-retaining abilities of the three soluble cytochromes  c , the deteriorations in the growth of the cytochrome  c -552-deficient mutant could be caused by the soluble cytochromes  c  acting as electron storages in the periplasmic space of the bacterium. These electron-retaining cytochromes  c  may play a role as electron and H +  condenser, which facilitate terminal oxidation at high pH under air-limited conditions, which is difficult to respire owing to less oxygen and less H + .

Bioenergetics and the Role of Soluble Cytochromescfor Alkaline Adaptation in Gram-Negative AlkaliphilicPseudomonas