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This study documented the population dynamics of  Biomphalaria  and associated natural infections with digenetic trematodes, along the shores of Lake Albert and Lake Victoria, recording local physicochemical factors. Over a two-and-a-half-year study period with monthly sampling, physicochemical factors were measured at 12 survey sites and all freshwater snails were collected. Retained  Biomphalaria  were subsequently monitored in laboratory aquaria for shedding trematode cercariae, which were classified as either human infective ( Schistosoma mansoni ) or nonhuman infective. The population dynamics of  Biomphalaria  differed by location and by lake and had positive relationship with pH ( P  < 0.001) in both lakes and negative relationship with conductivity ( P  = 0.04) in Lake Albert. Of the  Biomphalaria  collected in Lake Albert ( N  = 6,183), 8.9% were infected with digenetic trematodes of which 15.8% were shedding  S. mansoni  cercariae and 84.2% with nonhuman infective cercariae. In Lake Victoria, 2.1% of collected  Biomphalaria   ( N  = 13,172) were infected with digenetic trematodes with 13.9% shedding  S. mansoni  cercariae, 85.7% shedding nonhuman infective cercariae, and 0.4% of infected snails shedding both types of cercariae. Upon morphological identification, species of  Biomphalaria  infected included  B. sudanica ,  B. pfeifferi , and  B. stanleyi  in Lake Albert and  B. sudanica ,  B. pfeifferi , and  B. choanomphala  in Lake Victoria. The study found the physicochemical factors that influenced  Biomphalaria  population and infections. The number and extent of snails shedding  S. mansoni  cercariae illustrate the high risk of transmission within these lake settings. For better control of this disease, greater effort should be placed on reducing environmental contamination by improvement of local water sanitation and hygiene.

biomed research international

Environmental Epidemiology of Intestinal Schistosomiasis in Uganda: Population Dynamics of<i>Biomphalaria</i>(Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Lake Albert and Lake Victoria with Observations on Natural Infections with Digenetic Trematodes

Environmental Epidemiology of Intestinal Schistosomiasis in Uganda: Population Dynamics ofBiomphalaria(Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Lake Albert and Lake Victoria with Observations on Natural Infections with Digenetic Trematodes