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Human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) infections are characterized by manifestation of numerous opportunistic infections and inflammatory conditions in the oral mucosa. The loss of CD4 +  T cells that play a critical role in maintaining mucosal immunity likely contributes to this process. Here we show that CD4 +  T cells constitute a minor population of T cells in the oral mucosa and display a predominantly central memory phenotype mirroring other mucosal sites such as the rectal mucosa. Chronic SIV infection was associated with a near total depletion of CD4 +  T cells in the oral mucosa that appear to repopulate during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Repopulating CD4 +  T cells harbored a large fraction of Th17 cells suggesting that ART potentially reconstitutes oral mucosal immunity. However, a minor fraction of repopulating CD4 +  T cells harbored SIV DNA suggesting that the viral reservoir continues to persist in the oral mucosa during ART. Therapeutic approaches aimed at obtaining sustainable CD4 +  T cell repopulation in combination with strategies that can eradicate the latent viral reservoir in the oral mucosa are essential for better oral health and long-term outcome in HIV infected patients.

journal of immunology research

Significant Depletion of CD4<sup>+</sup>T Cells Occurs in the Oral Mucosa during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with the Infected CD4<sup>+</sup>T Cell Reservoir Continuing to Persist in the Oral Mucosa during Antiretroviral Therapy

Significant Depletion of CD4+T Cells Occurs in the Oral Mucosa during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with the Infected CD4+T Cell Reservoir Continuing to Persist in the Oral Mucosa during Antiretroviral Therapy

Significant Depletion of CD4⁺T Cells Occurs in the Oral Mucosa during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with the Infected CD4⁺T Cell Reservoir Continuing to Persist in the Oral Mucosa during Antiretroviral Therapy