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Transforming growth factor (TGF- β 1) is among the strongest factors of liver fibrogenesis, but its association with  Schistosoma -caused liver fibrosis is controversial. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is the principal enzyme controlling TGF- β 1 maturation and contributes to  Sj -infected liver fibrosis. Here we aim to explore the consistency between tTG and TGF- β 1 and TGF- β 1 source and its correlation with liver fibrosis after  Sj -infection. TGF- β 1 was upregulated at weeks 6 and 8 upon liver fibrosis induction. During tTG inhibition, TGF- β 1 level decreased in sera and liver of infected mice. TGF- β 1 showed positive staining in liver containing  Sj  adult worms and eggs. TGF- β 1 was also detected in  Sj  adult worm sections, soluble egg antigen and  Sj  adult worm antigen, and adult worms' culture medium. The TGF- β 1 mature peptide cDNA sequence and its extended sequence were amplified through RT-PCR and RACE-PCR using adult worms as template, and sequence is analyzed and loaded to NCBI GenBank (number GQ338152.1). TGF- β 1 transcript in  Sj  eggs was higher than in adult worms. In  Sj -infected liver, transcriptional level of TGF- β 1 from  Sj , but not mouse liver, correlated with liver fibrosis extent. This study provides evidence that tTG regulates TGF- β 1 and illustrates the importance of targeting tTG in treating  Sj  infection-induced fibrosis.

Tissue Transglutaminase-Regulated Transformed Growth Factor-β1 in the Parasite LinksSchistosoma japonicumInfection with Liver Fibrosis