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The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of essential oil extracted from  Chrysanthemum boreale  ( C. boreale ) on  Streptococcus mutans  ( S. mutans ). To investigate anticariogenic properties, and bacterial growth, acid production, biofilm formation, bacterial adherence of  S. mutans  were evaluated. Then gene expression of several virulence factors was also evaluated.  C. boreale  essential oil exhibited significant inhibition of bacterial growth, adherence capacity, and acid production of  S. mutans  at concentrations 0.1–0.5 mg/mL and 0.25–0.5 mg/mL, respectively. The safranin staining and scanning electron microscopy results showed that the biofilm formation was also inhibited. The result of live/dead staining showed the bactericidal effect. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis showed that the gene expression of some virulence factors such as  gtf B,  gtf C,  gtf D,  gbp B,  spa P,  brp A,  rel A, and  vic R of  S. mutans  was significantly decreased in a dose dependent manner. In GC and GC-MS analysis, seventy-two compounds were identified in the oil, representing 85.42% of the total oil. The major components were camphor (20.89%),  β -caryophyllene (5.71%),  α -thujone (5.46%), piperitone (5.27%),  epi -sesquiphellandrene (5.16%),  α -pinene (4.97%), 1,8-cineole (4.52%),  β -pinene (4.45%), and camphene (4.19%). These results suggest that  C. boreale  essential oil may inhibit growth, adhesion, acid tolerance, and biofilm formation of  S. mutans  through the partial inhibition of several of these virulence factors.

Inhibitory Effects ofChrysanthemum borealeEssential Oil on Biofilm Formation and Virulence Factor Expression ofStreptococcus mutans