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The tunnelling effect on a pile-raft foundation is usually studied in either the horizontal or vertical direction separately, while, in practice, the responses of a pile-raft foundation induced by tunnelling in the horizontal and vertical directions occur simultaneously. Typically, a pile-raft foundation is usually loaded by vertical and horizontal loads and moments when a tunnel is constructed. Since little effort has been conducted to evaluate the coupled responses of multidirectionally loaded pile-raft foundations subjected to tunnelling, a modified two-stage method is proposed in this paper to evaluate the coupled responses of a multidirectionally loaded pile-raft foundation in layered soil. After careful verification of the method, a parametric study was carried out to evaluate whether it is necessary to consider the influences of tunnelling on a loaded pile-raft foundation from the design stages. Our study showed that it is more necessary to consider the influence of tunnelling on a pile-raft foundation when the working load on the pile-raft foundation is small. When there was only a vertical load working on the raft, the horizontal deformation and the rotation of the raft, as well as any horizontal deformation and moment along the piles, were controlled by tunnelling

Analytical Method for Evaluation of Coupled Responses of a Multidirectionally Loaded Pile-Raft Foundation Induced by Tunnelling in Layered Soils