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Background . Separate lines of research have shown that menstrual cycling and contextual factors such as the gender of research personnel influence experimental pain reporting.  Objectives . This study examines how brief, procedural interactions with female and male experimenters can affect experimentally reported pain (cold pressor task, CPT) across the menstrual cycle.  Methods . Based on the menstrual calendars 94 naturally cycling women and 38 women using hormonal contraceptives ( M   age  = 19.83,  SD = 3.09) were assigned to low and high fertility groups. This assignment was based on estimates of their probability of conception given their current cycle day. Experimenters (12 males, 7 females) engaged in minimal procedural interactions with participants before the CPT was performed in solitude.  Results . Naturally cycling women in the high fertility group showed significantly higher pain tolerance (81 sec,  d  = .79) following interactions with a male but not a female experimenter. Differences were not found for women in the low fertility or contraceptive groups.  Discussion . The findings illustrate that menstrual functioning moderates the effect that experimenter gender has on pain reporting in women.  Conclusion . These findings have implications for standardizing pain measurement protocols and understanding how basic biopsychosocial mechanisms (e.g., person-perception systems) can modulate pain experiences.

Experimenter Effects on Pain Reporting in Women Vary across the Menstrual Cycle