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DC-to-DC converters are usually intended for general applications where the load impedancecharacteristics are unknown or undefined. This paper establishes the control design proceduresfor DC-to-DC converters in the absence of any prior knowledge on their load impedance. Theproposed control design can be universally adapted to all the DC-to-DC converters regardlessof the impedance characteristics of their actual load. This paper also presents the loop gainanalysis of the converter combined with an actual load whose impedance characteristics areonly available afterward. A graphical analysis method is proposed, which enables us to predictthe loop gain of the converter in the presence of an arbitrary load impedance. The validity ofthe analysis method is demonstrated using a current-mode controlled buck converter coupledwith an inductive load, capacitive load, and converter load. Theoretical predictions are verifiedwith both computer simulations and experimental measurements.

Control Design and Loop Gain Analysis of DC-to-DC Converters Intended for General Load Subsystems