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Although a growing body of evidence suggests that plant polyphenols can modulate human immune responses, their simultaneous action on monocyte and neutrophil oxidative burst is currently poorly understood. Based on the hypothesis that various polyphenols contained in plant extracts might affect the oxidative burst of phagocytes, we evaluated the effects of ethanolic  O. paradoxa  extract polyphenols on monocyte and neutrophil oxidative burst  in vitro  activated by different stimuli, including opsonized bacteria  E. coli , phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Samples were analyzed by the dihydrorhodamine flow cytometry assay. Our results showed that the extract repressed significantly and dose-dependently reactive oxygen species production in both cell types stimulated with  E. coli  and PMA ( P  < 0.05) and its inhibitory efficiency was stimulus- and cell-type-dependent. Interestingly, there was significant stimulatory effect of the extract on bursting phagocytes induced by fMLP ( P  < 0.05). Additionally, several flavonoids and phenolic compounds as well as penta-galloyl- β -(D)-glucose (PGG), the representative of hydrolyzable tannins, were identified in the 60% extract by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to electrospray ionization in negative ion mode. In summary, the ethanolic  O. paradoxa  extract, rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, exhibits dual stimulus-dependent effect on the respiratory burst in human leukocytes; hence, it might affect immune responses in humans.

oxidative medicine and cellular longevity

Dual Stimulus-Dependent Effect of<i>Oenothera paradoxa</i>Extract on the Respiratory Burst in Human Leukocytes: Suppressing for<i>Escherichia coli</i>and Phorbol Myristate Acetate and Stimulating for Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine

Dual Stimulus-Dependent Effect ofOenothera paradoxaExtract on the Respiratory Burst in Human Leukocytes: Suppressing forEscherichia coliand Phorbol Myristate Acetate and Stimulating for Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine