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p38 δ  mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a unique stress responsive protein kinase. While the p38 MAPK family as a whole has been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes, a specific role for p38 δ  MAPK in cellular signalling and its contribution to both physiological and pathological conditions are presently lacking. Recent emerging evidence, however, provides some insights into specific p38 δ  MAPK signalling. Importantly, these studies have helped to highlight functional similarities as well as differences between p38 δ  MAPK and the other members of the p38 MAPK family of kinases. In this review we discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying p38 δ  MAPK activity. We outline a role for p38 δ  MAPK in important cellular processes such as differentiation and apoptosis as well as pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and inflammatory disease. Interestingly, disparate roles for p38 δ  MAPK in tumour development have also recently been reported. Thus, we consider evidence which characterises p38 δ  MAPK as both a tumour promoter and a tumour suppressor. In summary, while our knowledge of p38 δ  MAPK has progressed somewhat since its identification in 1997, our understanding of this particular isoform in many cellular processes still strikingly lags behind that of its counterparts.

p38δMAPK: Emerging Roles of a Neglected Isoform