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Phospholipases A 2  (PLA 2 ) are key enzymes for production of lipid mediators. We previously demonstrated that a snake venom sPLA 2  named MT-III leads to prostaglandin (PG)E 2  biosynthesis in macrophages by inducing the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Herein, we explored the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways leading to these MT-III-induced effects. Results demonstrated that MT-III induced activation of the transcription factor NF-  κ  B in isolated macrophages. By using NF-  κ  B selective inhibitors, the involvement of this factor in MT-III-induced COX-2 expression and PGE 2  production was demonstrated. Moreover, MT-III-induced COX-2 protein expression and PGE 2  release were attenuated by pretreatment of macrophages with SB202190, and Ly294002, and H-7-dihydro compounds, indicating the involvement of p38MAPK, PI3K, and PKC pathways, respectively. Consistent with this, MT-III triggered early phosphorylation of p38MAPK, PI3K, and PKC. Furthermore, SB202190, H-7-dihydro, but not Ly294002 treatment, abrogated activation of NF-  κ  B induced by MT-III. Altogether, these results show for the first time that the induction of COX-2 protein expression and PGE 2  release, which occur via NF-  κ  B activation induced by the sPLA 2 -MT-III in macrophages, are modulated by p38MAPK and PKC, but not by PI3K signaling proteins.

mediators of inflammation

An Asp49 Phospholipase A2from Snake Venom Induces Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Prostaglandin E2Production via Activation of NF-κB, p38MAPK, and PKC in Macrophages