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Cytotoxicity of cadmium-containing silica nanoparticles Cd-SiO 2 NPs (0.05–100  µ g/mL) versus SiO 2 NPs and CdCl 2  was evaluated by an  in vitro  test battery in A549 by assessing (i) mitochondrial function, (ii) membrane integrity/cell morphology, (iii) cell growth/proliferation, (iv) apoptotic pathway, (v) oxidative stress, after short- (24–48 h) and long-term (10 days) exposure. Both Cd-SiO 2 NPs and CdCl 2  produced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects: (i)  MTT-assay : similar cytotoxicity pattern was observed at both 24 and 48 h, with a more Cd-SiO 2 NPs pronounced effect than CdCl 2 . Cd-SiO 2 NPs induced mortality (about 50%) at 1   μ  g/mL, CdCl 2  at 25   μ  g/mL; (ii)  calcein-AM/PI staining : decrease in cell viability, noticeable at 25   μ  g/mL, enhanced markedly at 50 and 100   μ  g/mL, after 24 h. Cd-SiO 2 NPs induced higher mortality than CdCl 2  (25% versus 4%, resp., at 25   μ  g/mL) with further exacerbation after 48h; (iii)  clonogenic assay : exposure for longer period (10 days) compromised the A549 proliferative capacity at very low dose (0.05   μ  g/mL); (iv) a progressive activation of  caspase-3 immunolabelling  was detected already at 1   μ  g/mL; (v) GSH intracellular level was modified by all compounds. In summary,  in vitro  data demonstrated that both Cd-SiO 2 NPs and CdCl 2  affected all investigated endpoints, more markedly after Cd-SiO 2 NPs, while SiO 2 NPs influenced GSH only.

In VitroToxicity Evaluation of Engineered Cadmium-Coated Silica Nanoparticles on Human Pulmonary Cells