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Hot springs are the most common infectious source of  Legionella pneumophila  in Japan. However, little is known about the association between  L. pneumophila  and environmental waters other than hot springs. In this study, water samples from 22 environmental water sites were surveyed; of the 22 samples, five were  L. pneumophila  positive (23%).  L. pneumophila  was mainly isolated from ashiyu foot spas, a type of hot spring for the feet (3/8, 38%). These isolates had genetic loci or genes that encoded the virulence factors of  L. pneumophila . Moreover, these isolates showed higher intracellular growth and stronger cytotoxicity compared with the reference strain. These results suggest that ashiyu foot spa can be the original source for  L. pneumophila  infection.

Characterization ofLegionella pneumophilaIsolated from Environmental Water and Ashiyu Foot Spa