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Aim . To characterise and enumerate IDO +  cells, Tregs, and T cell subsets in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) with regard to their clinical activity.  Methods . Ten active UC (aUC), 10 inactive UC (iUC), 6 aCD, and 8 iCD patients and 10 healthy individuals were included in the study. Circulating Foxp3-, IDO-, IL-17A-, IL-4-, IFN-  γ  -, and IL-10-expressing CD4 +  T cells were quantitated by flow cytometry. Interleukin-17-expressing cells, CD25 + /Foxp3 +  Tregs, and CD123 + /IDO +  plasmacytoid dendritic cells were evaluated in intestinal biopsies from 10 aUC, 6 aCD, and 10 noninflamed tissues.  Results . All CD4 +  T subsets were increased in aIBD patients compared with healthy donors. Meanwhile, frequency of CD8  α    + /CD16 + /IDO + , CD8  α    + /CD56 + /IDO + , CD8  α    + /CD80 + /IDO + , CD8  α    + /CD123 + /IDO +  large granular nonlymphoid cells, and CCR6 + /CD123 + /IDO +  plasmacytoid dendritic cells was higher in aIBD patients versus healthy donors or iIBD patients. Tissue IL-17A +  cells were present in higher amounts in aIBD versus noninflamed controls. IDO- and Foxp3-expressing cells were increased in aUC versus aCD patients and noninflamed tissues.  Conclusions . The findings represent an original work in Mexican Mestizo patients with IBD. It shows that Tregs and IDO-expressing cells are increased with regard to disease activity. These cells could significantly shape inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology, severity, and tolerance loss.

Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase: Expressing Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Cross-Sectional Study