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The aim of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory mode of action of botanical extracts from rosehip ( Rosa canina ), willow bark ( Salix alba ), and nettle leaf ( Urtica dioica ) in an  in vitro  model of primary canine articular chondrocytes.  Methods.  The biological effects of the botanical extracts were studied in chondrocytes treated with IL-1 β  for up to 72 h. Expression of collagen type II, cartilage-specific proteoglycan (CSPG),  β 1-integrin, SOX-9, COX-2, and MMP-9 and MMP-13 was examined by western blotting.  Results.  The botanical extracts suppressed IL-1 β -induced NF- κ B activation by inhibition of I κ B α  phosphorylation, I κ B α  degradation, p65 phosphorylation, and p65 nuclear translocation. These events correlated with downregulation of NF- κ B targets including COX-2 and MMPs. The extracts also reversed the IL-1 β -induced downregulation of collagen type II, CSPG,  β 1-integrin, and cartilage-specific transcription factor SOX-9 protein expression. In high-density cultures botanical extracts stimulated new cartilage formation even in the presence of IL-1 β .  Conclusions.  Botanical extracts exerted anti-inflammatory and anabolic effects on chondrocytes. The observed reduction of IL-1 β -induced NF- κ B activation suggests that further studies are warranted to demonstrate the effectiveness of plant extracts in the treatment of OA and other conditions in which NF- κ B plays pathophysiological roles.

evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine

Botanical Extracts from Rosehip (<i>Rosa canina</i>), Willow Bark (Salix alba), and Nettle Leaf (<i>Urtica dioica</i>) Suppress IL-1<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi mathvariant="bold">β</mml:mi></mml:math>-Induced NF-κB Activation in Canine Articular Chondrocytes

Botanical Extracts from Rosehip (Rosa canina), Willow Bark (Salix alba), and Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica) Suppress IL-1β-Induced NF-κB Activation in Canine Articular Chondrocytes