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Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage steps from carotenoids to various carotenoid cleavage products. Some  ccd  genes have been identified and encoded enzymes functionally characterized in many higher plants, but little in cyanobacteria. We performed a comparative analysis of  ccd  sequences and explored their distribution, classification, phylogeny, evolution, and structure among 37 cyanobacteria. Totally 61 putative  ccd  sequences were identified, which are abundant in  Acaryochloris marina  MBIC 11017, filamentous N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria, and unicellular cyanobacterial  Cyanothece . According to phylogenetic trees of 16S  rDNA  and CCD,  nced  and  ccd 8 genes occur later than the divergence of  ccd 7,  apco , and  ccd 1. All CCD enzymes share conserved basic structure domains constituted by a single loop formed with seven  β -strands and one helix. In this paper, a general framework of sequence-function-evolution connection for the  ccd  has been revealed, which may provide new insight for functional investigation.

Genomewide Analysis of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenases in Unicellular and Filamentous Cyanobacteria