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Vitamin A has both positive and negative regulatory functions in the immune  system. While vitamin A is required for normal formation of immune cells and epithelial  cell barriers, vitamin A deficiency can lead to increased inflammatory responses and tissue damage.  The mechanism with which vitamin A and its metabolites such as retinoids negatively regulate  inflammatory responses has not been clearly defined. Recently, it has been established that retinoids  promote the generation of immune-suppressive FoxP3 +  regulatory  T cells while they suppress the T cell differentiation into inflammatory Th17 cells in the periphery  such as intestine. These novel functions of retinoids provide a potentially important immune  regulatory mechanism. In this review, we discuss the functions of retinoids in the development  of the FoxP3 +  cells and Th17 cells, the phenotype and functions of  retinoid-induced FoxP3 +  T cells, and the impact of retinoid-induced FoxP3 +  T cells on the immune tolerance.

clinical and developmental immunology/clinical and developmental immunology

Regulation of FoxP<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>Regulatory T Cells and Th17 Cells by Retinoids

Regulation of FoxP3+Regulatory T Cells and Th17 Cells by Retinoids