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Cephalotini is an exclusively arboreal tribe of Neotropical ants that has specialized in passive defense. In the largest genus, Zacryptocerus, the entire body is heavily armoured and the expanded head surface of the soldier is particularly suited for blocking the nest entrance. Soldiers act as living doors, closing off nest entrances with their heads. Wheeler (1927) termed this phenomenon phragmosis. The most extremely modified heads within Zacryptocerus are found in the subgenus Cyathomyrmex, which is characterized by a completely rimmed, saucer-shaped, cephalic disc on the heads of soldiers and queens (Kempf, 1958). Wheeler (1942) was the first to notice that in two species in this group queens and older soldiers tend to accumulate dirt on their heads. He also commented that the accumulation of this material made the heads resemble the bark of a plant and implied that the debris camouflaged this living gate to the nest. Recent discoveries of soil-binding pilosity in basicerotine and stegomyrmicine ants (Hlldobler and Wilson, 1986) stimulated us to look for similar dirt collecting structures on these bizarre cephalotines. This led us to the discovery of remarkable features on the

Cryptic Phragmosis: The Structural Modifications