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William Morton Wheeler, in his. Colony Founding Among Ants (933), called special attentio.n to the, tact that in a number of fo.rmicid genera, and particularly in the socially primitive subfamilies Po.nerinae and Cerapachyinae, typical alate temale to.rms have never been described. In such genera as Onychomyrmex, Eusphinctus, Acanthostich.us, Megaponera, and Plect’roctena, this. normal temale may be replaced by a wingless ergatogyne., intermediate in structure between queen and worker. The. same condition obtains amo.ng certain species of the archaic subfamily Myrmeciinae, as. Wheeler also pointed out. In some cerapachyine species, normal emales typically coexist with ergatogynes, and such caste duality occurs, elsewhere also.. In certain respects, the shift from a "queen-like" toward a "wo.rkerlike" torm of reproductive temale is curious and striking. At first sight it may even suggest a reversal of the’ ’trend tending to. emphasize the dichotomy between more "vegetative" and more actively "fo.raging" torms which, as Wigglesworth (1954) and Kennedy I96I have pointed out, is so characteristic of evolution in insects generally, whether at the level of "successive polymorphism" in the. juvenile and adult phases o.f the individual, or o.f "alternative polymorphism" among adult populations o.f such forms as aphids., migratory locusts., and the social ,insects.. Among the ant genera cited, however, evolutio.n from alate to ergato,id reproductive may only superficially appear to lie in that direction, for the ergatoid is clearly at least as effective a repro.ductive as the winged female. In most species with such females, moreover, it seems likely that the ergatoid has been directly derived by a stabilizatio.n of a queen-worker intercas.te, as Brown (96o) has suggested, and merely replaces the no.rmal queen, with no drastic change in the general economy .or structure of the colony. Even in the ponerine genus Leptoge’nys sens. str., where the laying female is no longer morphologically distinguishable from t’he worker, the course of evolution still seems relatively clear. As Wheeler (1933) pointed out, a normal female is present in the related Lobopelta langii, and

“Queenlessness,” Worker Sibship, and Colony Versus Population Structure in the Formicid Genus Rhytidoponera