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Behavior is controlled by both external instructions and internal motives, but the actions demanded by each may be different. A common consequence of such a conflict is a delay in decision making and subsequent motor responses. It is unknown, however, what neural mechanisms underlie motivational conflict and associated response delay. To answer this question, we recorded single-neuron activity in the superior colliculus (SC) as macaque monkeys performed a visually guided, asymmetrically rewarded saccade task. A peripheral spot of light at one of two opposing positions was illuminated to indicate a saccade target. In a given block of trials, one position was associated with a big reward and the other with a small reward. The big-reward position was alternated across blocks. Behavioral analyses revealed that small-reward trials created a conflict between the instructed saccade to one position and the internally motivated, yet invalid saccade to the opposite position. We found that movement neurons in the SC temporally exhibited bursting activity after the appearance of the small-reward target opposite their movement field. This transient activity predicted the amount of response delay for upcoming saccades. Our data suggest that motivational conflict activates movement neurons in both colliculi, thereby delaying saccade initiation through intercollicular inhibitory interactions.

A Neural Correlate of Motivational Conflict in the Superior Colliculus of the Macaque