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4,4'-Bis[N-1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (alpha-NPD) was deposited in situ on both ruthenium oxide-coated indium-tin oxide (RuOx-ITO) and O-2-plasma-treated ITO (O-2-ITO) anodes, and their interface dipole energies were quantitatively determined using synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy. The dipole energy of RuOx-ITO was lower by 0.2 eV than that of O-2-ITO even though RuOx-ITO had a higher work function. Secondary electron emission spectra after deposition of alpha-NPD on anodes revealed that the work function of RuOx-ITO is higher by 0.2 eV than that of O-2-ITO, resulting in a decrease of the turn-on voltage via reduction of hole injection barrier.close6

electrochemical and solid-state letters

Determination of Interface Dipole Energy at the Interface of Ruthenium-Oxide-Coated Anode with Organic Material Using Synchrotron Radiation Photoemission Spectroscopy