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The spread of synthetic gene drives is often discussed in the context ofpanmictic populations connected by gene flow and described with simpledeterministic models. Under such assumptions, an entire species could bealtered by releasing a single individual carrying an invasive gene drive, suchas a standard homing drive. While this remains a theoretical possibility, genedrive spread in natural populations is more complex and merits a more realisticassessment. The fate of any gene drive released in a population would beinextricably linked to the ecology of the population. Given the uncertaintyoften involved in ecological assessment of natural populations, understandingthe sensitivity of gene drive spread to important ecological factors iscritical. Here we review how different forms of density-dependence, spatialheterogeneity and mating behaviors can impact the spread of self-sustaininggene drives. We highlight specific aspects of gene drive dynamics and thetarget populations that need further research.

Gene drive dynamics in natural populations: The importance of density-dependence, space and sex